Essay about VARIOLA VIRUS - 1954 Words

VARIOLA VIRUS SMALLPOX INTRODUCTION The Variola virus, which is the most virulent member of Genus Orthopoxvirus, is the causative agent of smallpox. It specifically infects humans. The primary reason for infection in humans is due to its ability to evade the host immune responses, and avoid complement activation. Over the centuries, this naturally occurring virus has spread throughout the earth, through various environments, to cause severe outbreaks. The most devastation outbreak had a case-fatality rate of 40 percent in individuals who have not been vaccinated. The Variola virus is a double-stranded DNA virus. It has two envelopes: the outer envelope is present only in the extracellular state. The outer surface or the core†¦show more content†¦An infection of the variola virus starts out with flu-like symptoms, then rashes and scabs form throughout – similar to chickenpox, eventually in fatal cases, leading to malignant diseases such as intravascular coagulation, hypotention, cardiovascular collapse or bleeding of skin and intestinal tract (IOM, 1999). HISTORY The history of the smallpox is still a mystery. It is speculated to have appeared among human population during the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa, around 10,000 BC (Baraquet and Domingo, 1997). Perhaps the scars, which appear on Pharaoh Ramses V’s delicately preserved mummy dating back to 1157 BC, may be the earliest signs of smallpox exposure (Ellner, 1998). It is speculated that throughout history, exposures to smallpox have been known in all parts of the world, along with the observance of gaining immunity to smallpox upon surviving an exposure. The observance of such a phenomenon throughout history, has led to healthy individuals, to be exposed on purpose in attempts to gain immunity. Inoculation of healthy individuals by placing pus or powdered scab material from an infected individual, to the nose of the intended was recorded by the Chinese as early as tenth century (Ellner, 1998). The procedure of inoculation a healthy individual with smallpox was widely used in England by 1740. Around 1765, English physicians noticed that milkmaids were immune to smallpox, as a result of being exposed to the less severeShow MoreRelatedVaccinations And Immunization : Infection Of The Variola Virus1302 Words   |  6 Pagesby an infection of the Variola Virus. This virus has two strains, both, major and minor, with the major strain resulting in a 30% mortality rate of those infected. - The Variola virus can easily transmitted from one individual to another. Directly from one person to another, direct transmission, requires prolonged face-to-face contact, with an infected individual. The variola virus can be transmitted through the spread of bodily fluids from the infected individual. The virus can be spread throughRead MoreThe Dormant Threat of Smallpox1370 Words   |  6 Pagescauses a fever and rash. The term â€Å"pox† comes from the Latin word for spotted. It also refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. Small Pox is cause by the Variola virus that appeared many years ago. There are two rudimentary patterns of small pox: Variola minor and Variola major, which is the worst and most common of the two. The earliest known death was Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. Could it be a coincidence that the disease also originated from Eygpt? Edward JennerRead More Smallpox : Pathogenesis and Pathology Essay example1591 Words à ‚  |  7 Pageslabs in the world with smallpox. Smallpox is created from the virus Variola which inoculates itself through the skin and into the dermis or more commonly from prolonged, direct face to face contact. Smallpox incubates for as long as two weeks at which time it is multiplying in the lymph nodes and bone marrow. The virus is also able to enter the blood stream and travel through without being harmed by macrophages. The variola virus also causes monkeypox and cowpox however none of these are as badRead MoreHistory and Causes of Smallpox Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesis caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The members of this genus share similar genetic makeup and characteristics. Viruses belonging to this family are large and measure nearly 220-450 nm x 150-260 nm in size. DNA is the genetic material that encodes for 200 proteins, approximately, using its 200,000 base pairs. The DNA is encapsulated inside a capsid, which in turn is e nveloped by membrane proteins. Two forms of the virus cause smallpox. Variola major is the mostRead MoreThe Eradication of Smallpox Smallpox is a disease that has a very high infection rate within the1300 Words   |  6 Pagesvery high infection rate within the human population. It is a pathogen caused by the Variola virus, of which the symptoms of this are high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. There are two forms of smallpox, Variola major and Variola minor. Variola major is the most common of the cases which involves a higher fever and more extensive rash. However there are actually four different types of the Variola major and they are: Ordinary which is 90% of the cases, Modified which is mild andRead MoreOverview of Smallpox Essay1045 Words   |  5 Pagessmallpox is considered the first germ warfare agent (Sherman, 2007). Smallpox comes from variola major virus. It is transmitted through inhalation by droplet infection (contact with contagious body fluids). Individuals can also become infected through direct contact with contaminated clothing or bedding. There are two types of smallpox. The Variola virus; major and minor. The more deadly form of the virus, Variola major, generally killed up to twenty five percent of the people infected and accountedRead MoreSmallpox, Etiology Of The Disease And Nursing Considerations970 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolled through the implementation of effective vaccination programs. Variola major or smallpox, is one of these diseases. Smallpox was once a major public health concern associated with a high mortality rate. Through a global vaccination effort, the disease is now considered irradiated. However, in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, there are new concerns about the possible use of the variola major virus as a weapon of biologica l warfare. This paper will review the historyRead MoreThe Impact of Bioligical Weapons on Human and their Environment695 Words   |  3 Pagesthis disease but the CDC does not recommend their routine use. Variola is the virus that cause the smallpox. Variola was an important cause of death and illness in the developing world until recent times. The last reported cases of Variola was in Somalia in 1997. Variola has a high death rate and a secondary spread. Variola can infect people for long periods of time it is very stable and once you get infected the virus multiplies in the persons respiratory tract. The blood then spreads throughRead MoreWhat is Smallpox?789 Words   |  3 Pagesand contagious until the last remaining scab separates from the body. Smallpox is a member of the orthopoxvirus family and is closely related to chickenpox, cowpox, and monkeypox virus. It has two clinical forms which is Variola major and Variola minor. Variola minor is a less common form of Variola major, and Variola major is separated into four types of small pox which are: Ordinary: The most frequent type being responsible for 90% and more cases. Modified: The mild type that occurred in previousRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effects of Smallpox1520 Words   |  7 PagesCause and Effects of Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a virus from air currents which are eventually passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a means of preventing

Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison Free Essays

In Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Battle Royal† the the narrator who is also the protagonist is portrayed as a bright black man struggling to fit in the predominantly white society. He remains unnamed through the whole story thus symbolizing black people and what they had to go through in that time period when racism was normal. The cruel treatment he undergoes to deliver his speech is rather symbolic. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison or any similar topic only for you Order Now It represents the hardships that African Americans had to go through while fighting to be treated equally in the U.S. As the protagonist prepares to give his speech, he expects to be in a normal positive environment, like is was when he gave speech at his graduation, however, what he faces is something that he couldn’t have imagined. Instead of giving the speech, he was issued a pair of boxing gloves and forced to fight his schoolmates, who were there only for entertaining guests (276). He was taught â€Å"to overcome ’em with yeses, undermine ’em with grins, agree ’em to death and destruction, let ’em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open† (275). He and his schoolmates are then subjected to humiliation and fear caused by the scene of a dancing naked girl (227). In the time period where the story takes place, for a black man simply looking at a whine woman with desire could result in his genitals being mutilated and himself lynched. This shows how the boys were messed with on the emotional level. Unfortunately, this was only the beginning of narrators misfortunes. Constant threats and degradation of the black people caused them be in a survival mode and to turn on each other as the narrator’s own schoolmates turned against him (280). Since the protagonist was described as bright, and was giving speeches in front of white people, it is likely that he was somewhat better off than other blacks. The narrator has to undergo humiliation to win a scholarship to achieve his dreams. This represents the African Americans who undergo humiliation in order to get ahead in life. This words show that his grandfather wanted him to find a way to fit in to the white community. How to cite Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison, Papers

Human Factors of Aviation Maintenance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Human Factors of Aviation Maintenance. Answer: Introduction The report here discusses about the human factors of aviation maintenance. The discussion begins with the explanation of the concept of Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) where the report gives a detailed overview about FRM and the various instances where fatigue has led to poor performance of the employees. The report also gives instances of the studies performed by various federations on the fatigue level of the aviation maintenance technicians (AMT). Based on the studies the report also discusses about the various errors performed by technicians due sleep deprivation. There is also discussion on the importance of type and form of fatigue risk management through the maintenance of safety and limitation in working hours. There has been further discussion on the maintenance of staff attitudes towards the reporting and sharing of information in the context of no limitation in working hour and hence hazards and risk affecting their income in future. The report further elaborates on the limi tations and challenges of a compliance-based system and stresses on the fact that even if there were a regulated system in place it does not necessary imply that the technicians would not be fatigued once they were at work. Type and Form of Typical Fatigue Risk Management The Fatigue Risk management (FRM) is a program used for moderating the impacts created through fatigue. Conceptually, if one looks at it then FRM is a system designed to inform decisions regarding mitigating risk created through fatigue (Lerman et. al 2012). Thus, FRM contains a list of procedures and processes for maximizing alertness of the personnel and minimize performance errors that are responsible for creating hazards and risk for the crewmembers of the aircraft. Therefore, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Civil Aviation Authority of Australia (CASA) and International Civil Aviation Organization have enforced the use of FRM to ensure better performance (Dawson, Chapman, and Thomas 2012). Thus in order to understand the importance of FRM, understanding the following instances is necessary: The mental ability of performing work related task after being awake for 16 hours is similar to having 0.05% blood alcohol concentration level. Lack of 24 hours sleep leads to mental impairment that hampers performance in a way that is similar equivalent to having 0.10% blood alcohol concentration level. Individuals with a sleep debt of 2 hours in a period of 2 weeks will have performance level similar to individual who are 16 hours awake. People working for more than 16 hours a day are more prone to accident or injury compared to people who only work for 8 hours. There was a study conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on the sleeping habits of Aviation Maintenance Technicians (AMTs) in United States between 1998 and 2000. The study found that compared to the recommended eight hours of sleep per day the technicians only got five hours and five minutes of sleep (Rangan and Van Dongen 2013). In the survey, there was some 50000 hours of sleep data collected using accelerometer for determining the length of sleep for an individual. Thus, this lack of sleep amongst the Aviation Maintenance Technicians was the reason behind the errors in their performance. However, the incident reporting service, Aviation Safety Reporting System, for mechanics, flight attendants and pilots in the United States that is under the administration of National Aeronautics and Space had some AMT reports related to fatigue which was close to 77 between the periods 1990 to 2009 (Drury 2015). Thus, a conclusion drawn from the figures states that fatigue not only led to commission errors but also omission errors. The reality of the aviation industry is that maintenance technicians get sleep of less hours then the recommended time, an average sleep debt that is twice as compared to the national average. Thus, sleep debt associated with fatigue and sleepiness is cumulative. This implies that even losing an hour of sleep every night over a period may result in conditions that might affect performance negatively (Wang and Chuang 2014). However, the most observed errors committed due to fatigue are as follows: Hinders decision making and judgment Impairs skills related to communication Decrease in attention span and ability to recall information Results in slow reaction Increases the probability of risk Therefore, it is very necessary to initiate measures to overcome the prevalence of fatigue in the aviation industry in order to avoid risk. Fatigue Risk Management ensures using a commercial software system for designing shift rosters. Various software models consider the estimated sleep of a person and variations in circadian alertness for producing a level of fatigue that result from a certain shift pattern (Cabon et.al 2012). The most commonly used models are: Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST) Fatigue Audit InterDyne (FAID) Circadian Alertness Simulator( CAS) However, the limitation on duty hours is also an important factor in managing fatigue of the Aviation Maintenance Technicians (AMT). Therefore, in 2003, sleep expert professor Simon Folkard asked by the UK civil aviation authority to formulate duty hour guideline for maintenance technicians (Halford 2016). The guideline designed is as follows: A 12-hour limit on shift duration should be implemented There should not be extension of shift beyond 13 hours There should be a break of 11 hours between the shifts A work break should be implemented on every four hours basis Maintenance of Staff Attitudes to Reporting and Sharing Information Aviation maintenance technicians have to handle two kinds of pressure, one being the actual pressure and the other being the self-imposed pressure (Reason and Hobbs 2017). Actual pressure refers to the real pressure directly or indirectly imposed on the workers for completion of the task within specified time. While the self-imposed task refers to the target set of a team or individual for the completion of a task with a period that is less than the actual time offered. These pressures can however be handled through: Proper allocation of appropriate time for all task related to maintenance There must be a comprehensive pre-task briefing carried out for outlining the task priorities Ensuring both way communication for the identification and moderation of the pressure effects on behavior and performance Thus, in the aviation industry, the busiest time for technicians happens during task and shift handovers. This is because during the handovers remaining paperwork is completed in a rush and briefings prepared for the next shift (Elavarasi and Scholar). The safety and quality manager of the organization must ensure the implementation of Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) program that will enable the following: Detection of Symptoms of fatigue Identifying hazards related to fatigue Accessing the health risk and associated safety Implementing counter measures for safety Determining tools/ approaches for reducing risks related to fatigue Creating business practices based on scientific approaches for management of fatigue risk. However, the implementation of the Fatigue Risk Management must be in phases. If the FRM designed and developed in manageable phases then the aviation maintenance technicians (AMT) can spread of their workload (Arosio et.al 2014). However, various tools and resources enable the designing and implementing of FRM. The phases considered while developing the FRM includes fatigue risk assessment, fatigue mitigation, continuous improvement and evaluation of FRM and its promotion that ensures lowering fatigue related risk in aviation industry. Another important aspect of FRM is that there should be regulation on the duty period of the Aviation Maintenance Technicians that will determine the time for the end of duty for a particular batch of technicians (Marais and Robichaud 2012). The control on the duty hours will enhance the efficiency the technicians. There are certain guidelines imposed on the duty hours that are as follows: The AMT should have a shift that does not exceed a period of twelve hours There should not be an extension of overtime shift beyond sixteen hours There should be scheduled duty work that includes a break time, overtime and standby for AMT that should not have an extension of 72 hours in succession of 7 days. There should be a maximum of four work hours before the scheduled break. There should be a minimum 10 minutes break period in addition to 5 minutes of break for every hour. Thus, in total there should be maximum break of 30 minutes in a day during which must assure that the process resume only after the break (Patankar 2017). The night shifts should not be more than 6 days in a week with a total duration of 8 hours including the extra hours. However, there can be 12-hour shifts for only 4 days in a week including the overtime. The night shifts that involve a 12-hour duty along with the inclusion of overtime and break should make sure that the technicians have a minimum 9 hours of rest before reporting to the next shift. There should be normal shifts of 8 hours of duty only for 5 days a week that should allow the AMTs opportunity of a minimum amount of 9 hours of uninterrupted rest before reporting to next duty (Halford 2016.). The Challenges and Limitations of a Compliance Based System The activities related to aviation maintenance governed by a set of procedures and rules. Therefore, safety is dependent on compliance the industry maintains with the set procedures and rules. There are many instances when such procedure not followed and there is an increase in the regularity of depressing incidents. The failure to abide by instructions remained was the key reason for the errors related to maintenance. Although, procedures are a part human controlled system for aviation maintenance. Thus, all aspects for improving the reliability of procedural compliance taken care through the elimination of error sources. However, procedural compliance is a combined function of the documentation, human user, maintenance system and technical, cultural and physical maintenance of the environment. Although a compliance based system is followed it does not mean that the technicians will be fatigue free once they come to work, This is because there are a number of challenges faced when the principles of FRM is actually applied in practice. However, these challenges can be faces through a pragmatic approach (Baron 2012). Most often, cultural differences and organizational constraints poses challenge in the implementation of the FRM, as they it is not possible to address them immediately and easily. These challenges also lead to the creation of fatigue complexity and hinder the understanding of the fatigue in a scientific manner. This then turn into usability issues in the management and assessment of fatigue tools and methods. The implementation of the FRM and for it to become operational can take a time that ranges from one to two years. This may be due to the various challenges faced on the part of the organization. These challenges are as follows: (1) Initially, in order to develop a FRM, the aviation industry must have a clear understanding of the fatigue related risk so that the industry can ensure that their FRM aligned on the evidences and the risk assessed (Weiland et.al 2013). There has been discussions on the fact that most organizations have narrow insight for the fatigue risk profile and the realization that the potential of it employees are affected by fatigue. (2) There is a struggle that most organizations face in order to get permission from the senior management for utilizing and dedicating resource for proactive fatigue management and assessment. Unless there is a major fatigue related risk faced, the senior management does not recognize the importance of implementation of FRM in the aviation sector (Levy et. al 2012). (3) Lastly, when an organization does not really get the right kind of motivation from the senior management then they initiate with a safety management system instead of FRM that does not really comply with the regulations of the work time and hence the sector lack fatigue policy that actively monitors the work hours. However, the aviation industry also faces other challenges that are associated with the development and customizing the FRM according to operational needs. These however include the alignment of the policies of fatigue management with the HR department of the industry, identification of the tools that will enable facilitation of every aspect of FRM that is proactive, predictive and reactive management of fatigue (McAfee and Brynjolfsson 2012). There are also challenges faced in customizing the fatigue tools so that they become meaningful for usage while understanding the limitations of the tools. Further, the new methods may take some time to integrate with the existing safety management system (Wachter and Yorio 2014.). However, standard organizational approach followed for the new methods so that they are recognized and may have to go through numerous levels for seeking approval. The fundamental aspect that often suffers ignorance is cultural change that is required to make the FRM functional. The development and evolvement of safety culture is the result of leadership and local conditions among other numerous factors (Rodrigues and Cusick 2012). Thus, a just culture needs promotion through the fundamental changes for successful implementation of FRM. Therefore, if an organization realizes the important aspects of safety culture then it needs engineering on a day-to-day basis through operational changes (Kinnison and Siddiqui 2012). Conclusion The report ends with a discussion on the limitations and challenges of a compliance based system there by elaborating on the fact that even if there were a regulated system in place it does not necessary imply that the technicians would not be fatigued once they were at work. There has been further discussion on the maintenance of staff attitudes towards reporting and sharing information in the context that if there were no working hour limitation then they would report hazards and risk knowing it may affect their income in future. The importance of type and form of fatigue risk management through the maintenance of safety and limitation in working hours is also discusses in the report. Through the studies the report also discusses about the various errors performed by technicians due to sleep deprivation. There are instances of studies in the report performed by various federations on the fatigue level of the aviation maintenance technicians (AMT). The discussion begins with type an d form of Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) where the report gives a detailed overview about FRM and the various instances where fatigue has led to poor performance. However, the report tried to throw a light on the human factors in Aviation Maintenance. References Arosio, G., Giordani, I., Arieni, L. and Archetti, F., 2014, May. Visual support and interaction for error prevention in aircraft maintenance. In Metrology for Aerospace (MetroAeroSpace), 2014 IEEE (pp. 372-376). IEEE. Baron, R., Fatigue Risk Management in Aircraft Maintenance: An Update on a Complex Issue. Cabon, P., Deharvengt, S., Grau, J.Y., Maille, N., Berechet, I. and Mollard, R., 2012. Research and guidelines for implementing Fatigue Risk Management Systems for the French regional airlines. Accident Analysis Prevention, 45, pp.41-44. Dawson, D., Chapman, J. and Thomas, M.J., 2012. Fatigue-proofing: a new approach to reducing fatigue-related risk using the principles of error management. Sleep medicine reviews, 16(2), pp.167-175. Drury, C.G., 2015. 19. Aerospace manufacturing: past, present and future. Handbook of Manufacturing Industries in the World Economy, p.294. Elavarasi, M. and Scholar, P.G., An Organizational Study About Green Environment. Madurai Regional Campus Entrepreneurship and Management: Innovative Construction Techniques and Ecological Development. Vol. 1 Management Part 1 Editor: Prof. Dr. C. Swarnalatha, Ph. D., 41, p.68. Halford, C.D., 2016. Implementing Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Routledge. Halford, C.D., 2016. Implementing Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Routledge. Kinnison, H.A. and Siddiqui, T., 2012. Aviation maintenance management. Lerman, S.E., Eskin, E., Flower, D.J., George, E.C., Gerson, B., Hartenbaum, N., Hursh, S.R. and Moore-Ede, M., 2012. Fatigue risk management in the workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(2), pp.231-258. Levy, J.I., Woody, M., Baek, B.H., Shankar, U. and Arunachalam, S., 2012. Current and Future Particulate?Matter?Related Mortality Risks in the United States from Aviation Emissions During Landing and Takeoff. Risk Analysis, 32(2), pp.237-249. Marais, K.B. and Robichaud, M.R., 2012. Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An empirical approach. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 106, pp.104-118. McAfee, A. and Brynjolfsson, E., 2012. Big data: the management revolution. Harvard business review, 90(10), pp.60-68. Patankar, M.S., 2017. Applied human factors in aviation maintenance. Taylor Francis. Rangan, S. and Van Dongen, H., 2013. Quantifying fatigue risk in model-based fatigue risk management. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 84(2), pp.155-157. Reason, J. and Hobbs, A., 2017. Managing maintenance error: a practical guide. CRC Press. Rodrigues, C.C. and Cusick, S.K., 2012. Commercial aviation safety. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill. Wachter, J.K. and Yorio, P.L., 2014. A system of safety management practices and worker engagement for reducing and preventing accidents: An empirical and theoretical investigation. Accident Analysis Prevention, 68, pp.117-130. Wang, T.C. and Chuang, L.H., 2014. Psychological and physiological fatigue variation and fatigue factors in aircraft line maintenance crews. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 44(1), pp.107-113. Weiland, M., Nesthus, T., Compatore, C., Popkin, S., Mangie, J., Thomas, L.C. and Flynn-Evans, E., 2013, September. Aviation fatigue: issues in developing fatigue risk management systems. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 1-5). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Sweat Suits free essay sample

From pre-school until 7th grade, I was the man in black. I was horrified by the idea of jeans; I couldnt even do a sit up in gym class without keeping the studs on my back pockets from digging into my rear! It was all about functionality for me. I could pull on a black sweat shirt and sweat pants every morning and not worry about dirt or crumbs showing up, and I didnt even have to change for gym class. They were convenient and most of all, they were me. I was comfortable and happy in my cotton-based slice of heaven. I was defined by black; there was nothing my parents could say or do that would make me change. I knew it couldnt last forever, but I also knew that change had to come from me. I never really realized it, but just the idea of wearing my black counterpart day after day was holding me back. We will write a custom essay sample on Sweat Suits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As long as my wardrobe was always the same, no other aspect of my personality had to change either. I continued my life in oblivious ignorance, playing video games and not doing much else. I never stepped out of my shell or made any attempt to become a contributing member of my community. I knew it couldnt always be so easy, though. As I grew up and went to middle school, my loyalty to everything cotton wasnt always so acceptable. I started getting looks from my classmates (most importantly the girls) and teachers, often wondering why I refused to dress myself like a self-respecting individual. I knew it was time to change and become the person I wanted to be. I didnt do it because my parents told me to, because my friends made fun of me, or because I wanted the respect of othersaˆâ€ I did it for myself. In fact, it really wasnt just about looking better or dressing more fashionably. I wanted to completely overhaul my life; make more friends, be more involved in the community, and start living up to the academic potential I knew I was capable of. This was about becoming a better person, not just looking like a better person. I couldnt respect myself knowing what I could be. Moving on, I joined the ranks of high school freshmen, taking a huge step (at least for me) in becoming a more mature individual. Now, I could wear mostly all the colors of the rainbow (except yellow, but really, who likes yellow). I joined the IB diploma program and signed up for soccer, lacrosse, rowing, skiing and the math team among other things. Along with my more colorful wardrobe, I dove into the realm of foreignness that is high school; embracing everything that was new. One day in the fall of my junior year, my childhood jumped back at me. While scrounging through my closet looking for clothes to donate, my mom came across a stuffed, industrial size garbage bag. Taylor, what are these? she asked. Suddenly, it dawned on me. My sweat suits! I exclaimed. Although old and unwashed, my sweat pants were exactly as I had left them. As I tenderly examined them, I realized how far I had come. While I have been subject to more difficult academic challenges, strenuous athletic activities and trying social relationships, I am still the same 8 year old smitten by the comfort and functionality of the black sweat suit. The foundation of my character has remained constant since my sweat suit childhood, but I have become a much more diverse and complete individual with something to contribute to society. Although my days of sweat pant bliss were cut short, I am ever appreciative for the growth that they forced me to accept. For this color-wearing 18 year old, black isnt enough anymore; Im ready to put on some Big Red.

Reading Key Essay Example

Reading Key Essay Example Reading Key Essay Reading Key Essay Know: Old World, New World Are the terms old world and new world biased? Old World : Europeans fleeing poverty religious persecution. New World: North America 1. What conditions existed in what is today the United States that made it fertile ground for a great nation? Abundant natural resources Prior inhabitance cultivation of the land by the Native Americans The Shaping of North America Know: Great Basin:Lake Bonneville covering most of Idaho Utah today-it drained into the Pacific- drained the west through the Snake River Columbia River system. Lake Bonneville’s beaches are visible 1,000 ft. up of the floor of the Great Basin. Salt Lake lost its outlet and evaporation caused it to become saline. Appalachian Mountains: Formed before continental separation. 350 million yrs. Ago. Tidewater Region: Caused by many river valleys. Slope upward to the Appalachians. Rocky Mountains: 135-25 million yrs. ago after continental separation. Great Lakes: weight of the ice caused depressions in the Canadian Shield.This scoured away the topsoil Missouri Mississippi-Ohio River System: Drained the level of the Great Lakes. 2. Speculate how at least one geographic feature affected the development of the United States. Select a geographic region, explain how the geographic feature affected the development of the United States in each of the following time periods: 1500-1763 1800-1900 1900-2008 The First Discoverers of America Know: Land Bridge: 35,000 yrs ago the oceans congealed causing the sea level to drop, and exposing the land brid ge between Siberia and Alaska. Nomad crossed the land bridge.About 10,000 years ago, as the Ice Age ended, sea levels began to rise and the land bridge was covered with water once again. 3. Before the arrival of Europeans, the settlement of the Americas was insignificant. Assess this statement. Insignificant infers that lower population levels were inferior to the larger population levels in other parts of the world. Also, new research suggests that the native populations of North America were actually much higher than previously thought. The Earliest Americans Know: Maize: corn- transformed groups into agricultural societies as it spread throughout the Americas.Aztecs: Nation-state in present day Mexico Incas: Nation-state in present-day Mexico Pueblo: maize reached the American southwest around 1200 bc. Rio Grande Valley established irrigation systems for their corn. Multistoried terraced buildings (pueblo means village in Spanish) Mound Builders: Chaokia: 40,000 in 1100 A. D. ar ound 1300 population began to decline. (Monk’s Mound) Creek, Choctoaw, Cherokee were among the highest populations. Three-sister Farming: corn, squash, beans. Beans grew up corn stalk and squash retained moisture in soil. Cherokee: Iroquois: Northeastern woodlands, democratic political system . Describe some of the common features of North American Indian culture. Agricultural- yet impermanent settlements. Did not attempt to dominate nature Use quotes from pages 9-10 in textbook. They were so thinly spread across the continent that vast areas were virtually untouched by a human presence. 4 million†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Indirect Discoverers of the New World Know: Vinland: From Scandanavia 1,000 AD, Newfoundland (covered in wild grapes- hence the name vinland) Crusaders: 1300’s crusaders seeking to free holy land from Muslim control. This gave Europe a taste for foreign goods i. e: ilk, spices, drugs, perfumes- ***sugarMerchants ought cheaper means for the transportation of goods. Venice: Italian trading city Genoa: Italian trading city Describe the impact of sugar and the development of Europe’s sweet tooth on the colonization of the Americas. 5. What caused Europeans to begin exploring? Europeans were in search of cheaper trade routes from the East to the West. Europeans Enter Africa Know: Marco Polo: 1295 AD he returned from China. Increased European desires for goods. Caravel: Before its invention Europeans would not sail around the coast of Africa. 1450 invented by Portuguese allowed them to sail more directly into the wind.Bartholomew Diaz: Rounded the tip of Africa in 1488 (Portuguese) Portugal had control of the African coast Vasco da Gama: Reached India in 1498 Ferdinand and Isabella: rid Spain of the infidels (the Moors) Wanted to rival Portugal for power. Moors: Muslims who fought the Christians in Spain 6. What were the results of the Portuguese explorations of Africa? Exposure to slave trade by Africans and Arabs led to their own es tablishment of slave trade networks Slaves used to work on sugar plantations. Set up gold trading posts on the west coast Columbus Comes upon a New World Know: Columbus: 1492 7.What developments set the stage for a cataclysmic shift in the course of history? Europeans desired cheaper products from foreign lands Africa was a cheap labor source Long-range navigation was possible Spain was rising in power as a nation-state Renaissance the spread of knowledge When Worlds Collide Know: Corn: Potatoes: Sugar: Columbus brought over seedl ings of sugar cane Horses: Smallpox: Hispaniola population dropped from 1 million to 200 in 50 years. 8. Explain the positive and negative effects of the Atlantic Exchange. Positive negative effects can be argues for almost everything: Cattle HorsesPigs Maize, mantioc, sweet potatoes to Africa The Spanish Conquistadors Know: Only a small minority were actually nobility. Most were professional soldiers sailors. The rest were peasants ans artisans. Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Treaty to discovery of Columbus dividing land b/t Spain and Portugal. Most of the land went to Spain, but Portugal got more land in Africa. Vasco Nunez Balboa: Spanish discoverer of Pacific Ocean of Pananma 1513 claimed washed by that sea. Ferdinand Magellan: Sailed around the world Juan Ponce de Leon: Sailed to FL Francisco Coronado: From Mexico east through AZ NM. He encountered the PueblosHernando de Soto: From the East crossed the Mississippi. Particularly brutal to Native Am. Francisco Pizarro: Destroyed the Incas in 1532. Encomienda: Basically enslavement of the natives in return for conversion to Christianity 9. Were the conquistadors great men? Explain. They were great at destroying the existence of native societies of the Americas Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadors Know: Granada: Moorish stronghold in Spain (city) 1492 it fell to the Spanish after a 10 year siege. For 500 years the Christian kingdoms of Spain had been attempting to ri d the area of the North African Muslims Moors: North African Muslims Reconquista: Ended as a result of Moorish defeat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The religious zealotry intolerance of the Spanish was now focuses on the New World frontier. 10. Were the conquistadors motives successfully fulfilled? Explain. Their individual dreams of glory were not attained. Most had to give booty to their commanders and later the Spanish crown tightened control of the loot. The Conquest of Mexico Know: Hernan Cortez: Conquerer of the Aztecs Tenochtitlan: Aztec capital city Montezuma: Leader of the Aztecs Mestizos: mix race of Aztecs Spanish 11. Why was Cortez able to defeat the powerful Aztecs? Guns diseaseThe Spread of Spanish America Know: John Cabot: Giovanni da Verazano: Jacques Cartier: St. Augustine: New Mexico: Don Juan De Onate led Spansih into the Rio Grande Valley in 1598. In the Battle of Acoma, 1599, the Spanish severed the foot of each survivor. The called this area New Mexico and in 1609 founded its capital in Santa Fe. Popes Rebellion: 1680, the native Americans destroyed all Catholic Churches and killed preiests and Spanish settlers. The Indians built kivas ceremonial religious chamber on the ruins on the Spanish plaza at Santa Fe. Mission Indians: In CA, San Deigo†¦attempt of Spaniards to convert Indians.These Indians not only lost contact with native culture but were also very susceptible to disease. Black Legend: That Spanish had butchered the natives, stole their gold, and infected them with smallpox. The Spanish actually did a better job of incorporating native cultures into their own than the English did. 12. What is the Black Legend, and to what extent does our text agree with it? The textbook rejects this legend overall. I’m skeptical of the textbook’s treatment of this topic. CHAPTER 2: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH COLONIES GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Englands Imperial Stirrings Know: Henry VIII:Queen Elizabeth: Catholic Ireland: 13. Why was England sl ow to establish New World colonies? Elizabeth Energizes England Know: Francis Drake: Sir Walter Raleigh: Virginia: Spanish Armada: 14. What steps from 1575-1600 brought England closer to colonizing the New World? England on the Eve of Empire Know: Enclosure Movement: Primogeniture: Joint-stock company: 15. Explain how conditions in England around 1600 made the country ripe to colonize North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling Know: Virginia Company: Jamestown: John Smith: Powhatan: Pocahontas: Starving Time: Lord De La Warr: 16.Give at least three reasons that so many of the Jamestown settlers died. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake Know: Powhatans Confederacy: Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 17. What factors led to the poor relations between Europeans and Native Americans in Virginia? Virginia: Child of Tobacco Know: John Rolfe: Tobacco: House of Burgesses: 18. By 1620 Virginia had already developed many of the features that were important to it two centuries later. Explain. Maryla nd: Catholic Haven Know: Lord Baltimore: Indentured Servants: Act of Toleration: 19. In what ways was Maryland different than Virginia? The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland AmericaKnow: West Indies: Sugar: Barbados Slave Code: 20. What historical consequences resulted from the cultivation of sugar instead of tobacco in the British colonies in the West Indies? Colonizing the Carolinas Know: Oliver Cromwell: Charles II: Rice: 21. Why did Carolina become a place for aristocratic whites and many black slaves? The Emergence of North Carolina Know: Tuscarora: 22. North Carolina was called a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit. Explain. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony Know: James Oglethorpe: 23. In what ways was Georgia unique among the Southern colonies?Makers of America: The Iroquois Know: The Iroquois Confederacy: Deganawidah: Hiawatha: Five Nations: Handsome Lake: 24. How did the political structure of the Iroquois prove to be strength and ultimately a weaknes s? The Plantation Colonies 25. Which Southern colony was the most different from the others? Explain. CHAPTER 3: SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Know: John Calvin, Conversion Experience, Visible Saints, Church of England, Puritans, Separatists 26. How did John Calvins teachings result in some Englishmen wanting to leave England?The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth Know: Mayflower, Myles Standish, Mayflower Compact, Plymouth, William Bradford 27. Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Plymouth colony. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Know: Puritans, Charles I, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Great Migration, John Winthrop 28. Why did the Puritans come to America? Building the Bay Colony Know: Freemen, Bible Commonwealth, John Cotton, Protestant Ethic 29. How democratic was the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Explain. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Know: Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism, Roger Wi lliams 30.What happened to people whose religious beliefs differed from others in Massachusetts Bay Colony? The Rhode Island Sewer Know: Freedom of Religion 31. How was Rhode Island different than Massachusetts? Makers of America: The English 32. In what ways did the British North American colonies reflect their mother country? New England Spreads Out Know: Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders 33. Describe how Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire were settled. Puritans versus Indians Know: Squanto, Massasoit, Pequot War, Praying Towns, Metacom, King Philips War 34. Why did hostilities arise between Puritans and Native Americans? What was the result?Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence Know: New England Confederation, Charles II 35. Assess the following statement, The British colonies were beginning to grow closer to each other by 1700. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Know: Dominion of New England, Navigation Laws, Edmund Andros, Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, Salutary Neglect 36. How did events in England affect the New England colonies development? Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands Know: Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson, New Amsterdam, Patroonships 37. Explain how settlement by the Dutch led to the type of city that New York is today.Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors Know: Wall Street, New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant, Log Cabins 38. Vexations beset the Dutch company-colony from the beginning. Explain. Dutch Residues in New York Know: Duke of York 39. Do the Dutch have an important legacy in the United States? Explain. Penns Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Know: Quakers, William Penn 40. What had William Penn and other Quakers experienced that would make them want a colony in America? Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Know: East New Jersey, West New Jersey, Delaware 41. Why was Pennsylvania attractive to so many Europeans and Native Americans?The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies Know: Middle Colonies, Benjamin Fran klin 42. What do the authors mean when the say that the middle colonies were the most American? Varying Viewpoints: Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? 43. The picture of colonial America that is emerging from all this new scholarship is of a society unique- and diverse- from its inception. Explain CHAPTER 4: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Unhealthy Chesapeake 44. Life in the American wilderness was nasty, brutish, and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers. Explain. The Tobacco EconomyKnow: Tobacco, Indentured Servants, Freedom Dues, Headright System 45. What conditions in Virginia made the colony right for the importation of indentured servants? Frustrated Freemen and Bacons Rebellion Know: William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon 46. Who is most to blame for Bacons rebellion, the upper class or the lower class? Explain. Colonial Slavery Know: Royal African Company, Middle Passage, Slave Codes, Chattel Slavery 47. Describe the slave trade. Africans in America Know: Gullah, Stono Rebellion 48. Describe slave culture and contributions. Makers of America: From African to African-American 49. And precisely because of the diversity of African peoples represented in America, the culture that emerged was a uniquely New World creation. Explain. Southern Society Know: Plantations, Yeoman Farmers 50. Describe southern culture in the colonial period, noting social classes. The New England Family Know: The Scarlet Letter 51. What was it like to be a woman in New England? Life in the New England Towns Know: Harvard, Town Meetings 52. Explain the significance of New England towns to the culture there. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trial Know: Jeremiad, Conversions, Half-Way Covenant 3. What evidence shows that New England was becoming more diverse as the 17th century wore on? The New England Way of Life Know: Yankee Ingenuity 54. How did the environment shape the culture of New England? The Early Settlers Days and Ways Know: Leislers Rebellion 55. How much equality was evident in the colonies? CHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 56. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britains North American colonies? A Mingling of RacesKnow: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 57. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 58. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 59. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists Know: Smallpox, Diphtheria 60. Why has the relative prestige of the professions changed from colonial times to today? Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 1. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 62. What was it like to travel in early America? Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 63. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 64. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 5. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Culture in the Backwoods Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 66. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 67. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The Great Game of Politics Know: R oyal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 68. How democratic was colonial America?Colonial Folkways 69. What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in America during the colonial period? Colonial America: Communities of Conflict or Consensus? Know: Nashs Urban Crucible Theory 70. Were the colonies marked more by internal consensus or internal conflict? Explain. CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA GUIDED READING QUESTIONS France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 71. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 72.What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkinss Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 73. Describe the early wars between France and Brit ain. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 74. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, Join or Die 75. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? Braddocks Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? Pitts Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 77. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? Restless Colonials 78. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and the mother country? Makers of America: The French Know: Louis XIV, The Great Displacement 79. What contributions to American culture were made by the French? Americans: A People of Destiny Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclama tion of 1763 80.How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? CHAPTER 7: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Deep Roots of Revolution 81. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The Mercantile Theory Know: Mercantilism 82. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilist Trammels on Trade Know: Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 83. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The Merits of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 84.In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The Menace of Mercantilism 85. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act of 1765, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 86. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Nonimportation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 87. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston MassacreKnow: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 88. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 89. How did Committees of Correspondence work? Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 90. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? Parliament Passes the Intolerable Acts Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 91.What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Continental Congress and Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 92. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 93. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 94. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? A Thin Line of HeroesKnow: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 95. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Whose Revolution? 96. Which of the four interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Which seems least true? Explain. CHAPTER 8: AMERICA SECEDES FROM THE EMPIRE GUIDED READING QUESTIONS Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 97. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? Bunker Hill an d Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 98.How and why did George III slam the door on all hope of reconciliation? The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 99. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 100. Why was Common Sense important? Paine and the Idea of Republicanism Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 101. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Jeffersons Explanation of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 102. What does the Declaration of Independence say? Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 03. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Makers of America: The Loyalists 104. What happened to Loyalists after the war? The Loyalist Exodus 105. What happened to Loyalists during the war? General Washington at Bay Know: William Howe, Trenton, Princet on, 106. What were some of the flaws of General William Howe? Burgoynes Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 107. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? Strange French Bedfellows 108. Why did the French help America win independence? The Colonial War Becomes a World WarKnow: Armed Neutrality 109. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 110. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. The Land Frontier and Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 111. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 112. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 113. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 114. Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. DOCUMENT BASED QUESTION: EXAMINE THE DOCUMENTS ATTACHED FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS ON PAGE 11. WRITE A 5 PARAGRAPH ESSAY: Paragraph 1= Give your introduction and thesis statement Paragraph 2-3-4= Supportive evidence using documents and outside knowledge based on your text and other sources Paragraph 5= Conclusion

Everything You Need to Know About Having a Part-Time Job

Everything You Need to Know About Having a Part-Time Job Don’t want to work full-time but aren’t sure what the alternative is? If you’re not exactly certain what a part-time job entails, hours-wise, here’s a primer to what you might expect. The HoursEssentially, a part-time job is a position that offers you flexibility- of scheduling or decreased hours. The number of hours varies from company to company: anywhere from 5 to 35 per week. The company has the discretion here, as to what they consider part-time. It isn’t regulated by the Fair Labor Standards Act- and the ACA only differentiates full from part-time work (at 30 hours per week) for the purposes of health insurance benefit eligibility.The  OpportunitiesThere is a bit of stigma attached to â€Å"part-time† work, making it seem as though it isn’t real work, but there are many professional gigs that fall under the part-time umbrella. It’s not just retail and hospitality either! It can be particularly useful for stay-at-home par ents, students, retirees, and any other workers who prefer not to have the time commitment of a full-time position.The PerksIt’s even occasionally possible to start with part-time employment and transition into full-time work at that company, if you play your cards right- making part-time work a useful way to get your foot in the door somewhere.It’s also possible to gain access to benefits- though not as extensive as full-time packages, and not universally.If you think part-time work might be an ideal situation for you at this stage in your career, try looking for positions that have flexibility and at least some baseline benefits. And remember, what works for you works for you. Don’t worry about what anybody else thinks.

Marketing analysis - industries, trends and competition Thesis

Marketing analysis - industries, trends and competition - Thesis Example (Charles, 100) Some of the services offered by contractors are professional services that have been traditionally offered by A/E consultants for a long time. A/E consultants, faced with contractors taking away a large slice of the professional service pie, must defend their market shares, and expand their service base. This expansion will require A/H consultants to add new non-traditional services specifically tailored to the front end and back ends of M. Charles. Congress Approves New Design/Build Law. (Civil Engineering 2006) Pg100. the project cycles. Services in these segments include financing assistance, permitting, regulatory assistance, life cycle cost analysis, operation and maintenance (O&M) and renovation services. Marketing professional and construction services in the new millennium is not a simple task anymore. Architects in the past have relied heavily on their reputation and name recognition to get jobs. Consulting engineers relied on the 80/20 rule (80 percent of bus iness comes from 20 percent of clients), to drum-up business, and general contractors fell back on low bids in competitive bidding. (Friednian, 173) These techniques have worked in the past. However, recent shift in the project delivery system, and advancement in communication technology, necessitate that corporations look closely at their marketing efforts in the 21st Century. As general contractors move into the professional service arena, they seize market shares from A/E consultants. A/E consultants must react in any of the following three ways. They must reinforce existing market niche (services and clients). Develop marketing plans focused on client's retention (holding to market shares). Restructure their organizations to offer flexibility in the people and services (new services). The US construction market is a sizable lucrative market, and presents unique opportunities for foreign firms to set up local subsidiaries to actively pursue work. There Friednian, W. Construction Marketing and Strategic Planning. McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY. 2004, Pg172-173. are indications that foreign firms have successfully penetrated the heavy civil and highways public works markets in California, Massachusetts, and Florida. Forensic Construction Forensic construction involves the utilization of science in making decisions for legal disputes about buildings that have been constructed; chiefly involve the kind and quality of the building material, style and labor job. (Humphreys, 02) The design/build method, at-risk construction management, and the build-operate transfer (BOT) methods, have emerged as innovative alternatives to the competitive bidding method to deliver projects on time and on budget. This has resulted in a major shift in project delivery, challenging the conventional thinking, revolutionizing procurement of projects, and redefining the construction process. Trends for the 21st century are: Paradigm shift in the project delivery system. Refocus on the front end and back ends of project cycle. The construction market is becoming a service marketplace, rather than a commodity marketplace. Emphasis on life cycle costs (LCC), and total costs of a project. K, Humphreys.K. Jelen's Cost and Optimization Engineering, McCraw Hill, Inc., NY. 2008. Pg 1-2. Emphasis on value of

Investigating the physics of basketball Research Paper

Investigating the physics of basketball - Research Paper Example Concepts of momentum and collision are helpful in studying the behavior of ball when it hits the ground. On the other hand, equation of air resistance can be used to establish the favorable atmospheric conditions for playing basketball. Gravity and Projectile Motion A projectile is an object that has been thrown into space and is moving under the influence of gravity (Nag, Pati and Jana 16). The path of movement of a projectile is referred to as trajectory (McLester and Pierre 282). When the object does not encounter any force apart from gravity, its path is a parabolic (Goswami 28). A basketball in motion is an example of a projectile. This is because it moves under the influence of gravity once it is thrown by the player. In order to model a basketball motion as projectile motion some assumptions must be made. First, the effect of air resistance is ignored. Second, the ball is treated as a particle. Third the acceleration due to gravity is taken to be the same. Fourth, the spinning motion of the ball is assumed to be minimal. Under these conditions, the equations of motions can be applied to determine various motion parameters of the basketball. When a player throws a ball, it moves up to a maximum height, Ho. The speed of the ball decreases and at Ho the speed becomes zero. The ball then falls back with an increasing speed. The basketball player ought to know that the angle at which he/she throws the ball will affect the horizontal displacement of the ball. The horizontal displacement in this case is the distance the player is from the ring mast. The player must also know the right thrust to give the ball in order for it to reach the ring. Consequently, the kinematic equations are very helpful to the player. When a projectile is thrown to space at an angle, its velocity at any given point has two components; the horizontal component and the vertical components. The horizontal velocity is constant while the vertical velocity changes because of acceleration du e to gravity. If a projectile is launched with initial velocity Vo at an angle ? from the horizontal, its initial vertical velocity is Vo Sin ? while its initial horizontal velocity is Vo Sin ?. The horizontal displacement is given by the equation x = Vo Cos ? t .This equation resembles the formula for getting distance for one dimension motions. The horizontal velocity is constant for vertically launched projectiles. The equation is used to find the range of the projectile. The vertical displacement of projectile is given by the equation S = ut + 1/2 gt2 where u is initial velocity g is acceleration due to gravity and t is the time. For projectiles launched at an angle ?, the equation becomes; S = Vo Sin ? t - 1/2 g t2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (1) Making t the subject; T = x /Vo Cos ? t †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) Replacing S= Vo Sin ? (x / Vo Cos ?) -1/2 g (x /Vo Cos ?) 2........................... (3) Simplifying (3) S= x Tan ? – x2 (g / 2Vo2 Cos2 ?) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) A player throwing a ball is at distance R from the ring mast. The height of the ring mast is H1 and the height of the player is H2 as shown in the diagram below. The vertical displacement of the ball from where it was thrown is given by; Y = x Tan ? – x2 (g / 2Vo2 Cos2 ?) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (5) Y defines the displacement of t

Reflection of the Role and Responsibilities of the Teacher Essay Example for Free

Reflection of the Role and Responsibilities of the Teacher Essay Roles and Responsibilities of a teacher are vital and must be learnt, as a general rule, to ensure quality of teaching. To embark on this journey it is essential to attain enough knowledge about the subject and gather the correct material for teaching. It is not only sufficient to hold good quality knowledge on the subject, but also have a presentable appearance. The teacher is responsible for student behaviour and classroom management, as well as to understand the capability of the learners. Therefore it is essential for teachers to assess the students level of understanding. As all students learn in different ways, there is the Honey and Mumford theory learning styles (Honey, P. Mumford, A. 1992), to assist teachers. By carrying out group work it will provide a good chance to get students working together as it facilitates the need for productive talk, (Edwards Mercer, 1987). Here the sociological learning style can be applied. By implementing this on the students it allows them to learn from each other and share ideas with one another. The students can also participate in exploratory talk (Mercer Hodgkinson 2008) which allows them to teach each other and take ownership of their own ideas. This is very encouraging as it allows the students to indulge deeply on the knowledge they hold, when explaining to other individuals. Also with the help of the internet and modern technology there are many ways to get the students interactively involved with lessons. To allow them to work on their own, will be a better way of learning as they will be learning on their own terms. Here one other learning style has been applied, which is the tactile style, this is where the student learns best when they are given the opportunity by doing something by themselves. On the other hand there is the auditory learning style whereby a learner benefits from simply listening, so if the lectures are well planned and class discussions are carried out it will benefit this type of learner. If the above was applied to the students they would stay engaged and involved with the teacher, which is important for effective learning. Also possessing a great amount of creativity when teaching and trying new ways of explaining areas of the subject will bring great outcomes to the students’ level of learning. As Wilson (2008), states on similar terms that the oles are functions of a teacher, which are, planning and preparing for the class, developing interesting way to deliver the lesson, assessing the impact of learning and ensuring safe learning. Therefore ensuring suitable accommodation facilities, which are available, in order to provide the desired learning setting. If the roles and responsibilities of a teacher are in good practice the teacher will be in a position where she/he can be approached with comfort and ease by the student, not only to discuss about the subject but anything they wish to discuss. Again this brings great benefit allowing the teacher to understand the learner and to provide the correct resources. Moreover the safeguarding of children is taken very seriously and usually new teachers are supplied with key documents, which are required to be read and understood and complied with, for example if a teacher knows a child is being abused the teacher will have to know how to deal with the situation using the advice given and who to report it to. One other important part of being a teacher is knowing how well he/she is teaching, this can be achieved by assessing the students, and from these assessments changes for improvement can take place. When assessing through assignments or exams, it is highly important teachers provide positive feedback as it will always encourage the student to learn more. On concluding this, teaching should be delivered to the learner in a way that is informative, creative, interactive and responsive within a relaxed environment, to enable high learning performance from the learners. The teachers holds many roles and responsibilities, however, most importantly there are in search of constant ways of finding better ways of students to learn, by using different unique methods to allow the learner to achieve their best outcome, which will then make them accessible for contributing positively in society, or going onto higher education, and providing a better lifestyle for one self.

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexual Gay Lesbian Right

Lindsey and Beth, a lesbian couple, have been living together for eleven years. Lindsey conceived two children from a sperm donor. Together, Lindsey and Beth turned their house into a loving home for their two children. One day, on the way home from the grocery store, Lindsey was killed in a tragic car accident. Before Beth could even grasp the situation, the children that she helped raise from birth had been taken away and placed into the care of Lindsey's parents, who never were a part of their lives because they did not accept Lindsey's homosexuality. In addition, the house that Beth and Lindsey lived in for eleven years was taken away from Beth. How did this happen to Beth? Well, if Lindsey and Beth could have been legally married like all heterosexual couples, Beth would have had custody of the children and would have kept the house. They would have received 1,049 protections, benefits and responsibilities that are extended to married couples under federal law (HRC). Lindsey and Beth are one example of same sex couples that live in 99.3 percent of all counties in the United States (HRC). It is estimated that 10 percent or 25 million people in the United States are homosexuals, and by law they do not have the rights that married heterosexuals enjoy. American voters have the power to change the law and prevent the sad story that Beth had to live, by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage. The opening scenario of Lindsey and Beth is a dilemma that is becoming more of a real situation each day. The fact is that people are forming unions regardless of the law. In all fairness, the people involved in these relationships should have the same legal rights as all other American... ...discriminating against gay marriage. But by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage, our society can become one step closer to creating a more fair and just society that supports diversity and accepts people with a different life-style. Works Cited Human Rights Campaign (HRC). 26 Nov 2006. . Moats, David. Civil Wars a Battle for Gay Marriage. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 2004. Rauch, Jonathan. Gay Marriage. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2004. Robertson, Donald L. Dr. "Homosexuality and Genetics." 26 Nov 2006. . "U.S. Census Figures Continue To Show National Trend." Human Rights Campaign. 27 June 2006. 26 Nov 2006. eleases/20011/U_S_Census_Figures_Continue_To_Show_National_Trend.htm>.

Human Resource Essay

INTRODUCTION Human resource management (HRM, or simply HR) is the management of an organization’s workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally authorized to hold a collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serve as the company’s primary liaison with the employees’ representatives (usually a labor union). The human resources of an organization consist of all people who perform its activities. Human resource management (HRM) is concerned with the personnel policies and managerial practices and systems that influence the workforce. In broader terms, all decisions that affect the workforce of the organization concern the HRM function. The activities involved in HRM function are pervasive throughout the organization. Line managers, typically spend more than 50 percent of their time for human resource activities such hiring, evaluating, disciplining, and scheduling employees. Human resource management specialists in the HRM department help organizations with all activities related to staffing and maintaining an effective workforce. Major HRM responsibilities include work design and job analysis, training and development, recruiting, compensation, team-building, performance management and appraisal, worker health and safety issues, as well as identifying or developing valid methods for selecting staff. HRM department provides the tools, data and processes that are used by line managers in their human resource management component of their job. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT According to Bohlander et al (2001), human resource management include consolidation of a diverse workforce to achieve a common goal. While Ivencevich (2001) also defines human resource management as a function that is implemented in an organization to help facilitate the effective use of human resources to achieve organizational and individual goals. In addition, there are various perspectives on human resource management focus, namely: †¢ Human resource management is considered the managing of human management employees as direct and interpersonal activities. †¢ Human resource management as personnel management with emphasis on technical skills for evaluation, selection, training and so on. †¢ Human resource management as a strategic management that emphasizes employees as assets in an organization. COMPANY NESTLE [pic] Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s foundation was built in 1867 on humanitarian needs and social responsibility when Henri Nestlà ©, a trained pharmacist, developed a healthy and economical alternative source of infant nutrition to save the life of an infant who could not be breastfed. Today, more than 140 years later, Nestlà © continues with its founder’s legacy to improve lives. HISTORY Generations of Goodness The vast Nestlà © Group started humbly ~ with the vision of one Swiss chemist, Henri Nestlà ©. At a time when there was high infant mortality in Europe due to malnutrition, this dedicated man began experimenting with nutritious food supplements to overcome the problem. In 1867, he was approached to help an ailing premature infant who was unable to accept his mother’s milk or any of the conventional substitutes. The infant began to take the milk food supplement he had developed, and a life was saved. The product, called Farine Lactà ©e Nestlà ©, was soon marketed throughout much of Europe, and a new brand name began to take on life. [pic] The Nestlà © Coat-of-Arms. The Nestlà © Coat-of-Arms Henri Nestlà © adopted his own coat of arms as a trademark in 1867. Translated from German, Nestlà © means little nest and the now-famous symbol is universally understood to represent nurturing and caring, security, nourishment and family bonding. These attributes are still the guiding legacy for the company Henri Nestlà © founded as it fulfils its commitment to ‘Good Food, Good Life.’ The first merger In 1905, the Nestlà © Company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the first condensed milk factory which opened in Switzerland in 1866. Nestlà © entered into the milk chocolate business in 1904 when Peter & Kohler Swiss General Chocolate Company produced milk chocolate under the Nestlà © trademark. The chocolate company later joined the Nestlà © Group in 1929. While the original business was based on milk and dietetic foods for children, the new Nestlà © grew and diversified its range of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the better known brands of the time. For example: The manufacturing of LACTOGEN began in 1921, and in the same year, a beverage containing wheat flour was marketed under the brand name MILO. In 1938, NESCAFÉ, the world’s first instant coffee was introduced. Then, in 1947, the MAGGI Company, manufacturer of soups and bouillon invented by Julius Maggi merged with Nestlà ©. Nestlà © continued to expand through the years with some major acquisitions. Today Today, the Nestlà © Company still adheres to its founder’s beliefs and principles and is, therefore, very much people-oriented, and committed to understanding its consumers’ needs throughout the world in order to provide the best products for their lives. Nestlà ©, Bringing ‘Good Food, Good Life’ As the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company, Nestlà © is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestlà © has grown to become the world’s largest food company offering more than 8,500 brands and 10,000 products. With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlà © has more than 456 factories spread over 80 countries, and employs more than 283,000 people. 866 Our history begins back in 1866, when the first European condensed milk factory was opened in Cham, Switzerland, by the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. 1867 In Vevey, Switzerland, our founder Henri Nestlà ©, a German pharmacist, launched his Farine lactà ©e, a combination of cow’s milk, wheat flour and sugar, saving the life of a neighbour’s child. Nutrition has been the cornerstone of our company ever since. â€Å"Henri Nestlà ©, himself an immigrant from Germany, was instrumental in turning his Company towards international expansion from the very start. We owe more than our name, our logo and our first infant-food product to our founder. Henri Nestlà © embodied many of the key attitudes and values that form part and parcel of our corporate culture: pragmatism, flexibility, the willingness to learn, an open mind and respect for other people and cultures.† Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Nestlà © Chairman 1905 The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, founded by Americans Charles and George Page, merged with Nestlà © after a couple of decades as fierce competitors to form the Nestlà © and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company. Nestlà © in Malaysia [pic] Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s commitment to providing quality products to Malaysians dates back almost 100 years ago. Nestlà © began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in 1939. Since 1962, with its first factory in Petaling Jaya, Nestlà © Malaysia now manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara. The Company was publicly listed on the KLSE now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad on 13 December, 1989. Today, the Company employs more than 5000 people and manufactures as well as markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name such has MILO ®, NESCAFÉ ®, MAGGI ®, NESPRAY ® and KIT KAT ® have become trusted household names and enjoyed for generations. HUMAN RESOURCE MENAGEMENT (NESTLE) HUMAN RESOURCE MENAGEMENT (NESTLE) As companies reorganize to gain competitive edge, human resources plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees. Research conducted by The Conference Board has found six key people-related activities that human resources completes to add value to a company: 1. Effectively managing and utilizing people. 2. Trying performance appraisal and compensation to competencies. 3. Developing competencies that enhance individual and organizational performance. 4. Increasing the innovation, creativity and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness. 5. Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development and inter-organizational mobility. 6. Managing the implementation and integration of technology through improved staffing, training and communication with employees. FUNCTION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NESTLE) Recruitment Recruitment is the process of attracting, screening, and selecting employees for an organization. The different stages of recruitment are: job analysis, sourcing, screening and selection, and onboarding. The Four Stages Job analysis involves determining the different aspects of a job, such as through job description and job specification. Job description describes the tasks that are required for the job. Job specification describes the requirements that a person needs to do that job. Sourcing means using several strategies to attract or identify candidates. Sourcing can be done by internal or external advertisement. Advertisement can be done by local or national newspapers, specialist recruitment media, professional publications, window advertisements, job centers, or through the Internet. Screening and selection is the process of assessing the employees who apply for the job. The assessment is conducted to understand relevant skills, knowledge, aptitude, qualifications, and educational or job related experience of employees. Some ways of screening are screening resumes and job applications, interviewing, and job related or behavioral testing. After screen and selection, the best candidate is selected. On boarding is the process of helping new employees become productive members of an organization. A well-planned introduction helps new employees become fully operational quickly and is often integrated with the company and environment. Recruitment Approaches There are many recruitment approaches as well. In-house personnel may manage the recruitment process. At larger companies, human resources professionals may be in charge of the task. In the smallest organizations, recruitment may be left to line managers. Outsourcing of recruitment to an external provider may be the solution for some businesses. Employment agencies are also used to recruit talent. They maintain a pool of potential employees and place them based on the requirement of the employer. Executive search firms are used for executive and professional positions. These firms use advertising and networking as a method to find the best fit. Internet job boards and job search engines are commonly used to communicate job postings. Selection Selection is the process of selecting a qualified person who can successfully do a job and deliver valuable contributions to the organization. The term can be applied to many aspects of the process, such as recruitment, selection, hiring, and acculturation. However, it most commonly refers to the selection of workers. A selection system should depend on job analysis. This ensures that the selection criteria are job related. Selection Requirements The requirements for a selection system are knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics, commonly known as KSAOs. Personnel selection systems employ evidence-based practices to determine the most qualified candidates and involve both the newly hired and those individuals who can be promoted from within the organization. Common selection tools include ability tests (cognitive, physical, or psychomotor), knowledge tests, personality tests, structured interviews, the systematic collection of biographical data, and work samples. Development and implementation of such screening methods is sometimes done by human resources departments. Larger organizations hire consultants or firms that specialize in developing personnel selection systems. Metrics Two major factors determining the quality of a newly hired employee are predictor validity and selection ratio. The predictor cutoff is a test score differentiating those passing a selection measure from those who did not. People abov e this score are hired or are further considered while those below it are not. On the other hand, the selection ratio (SR) is the number of job openings (n) divided by the number of job applicants (N). This value will range between 0 and 1, reflecting the selectivity of the organization’s hiring practices. When the SR is equal to 1 or greater, the use of any selection device has little meaning, but this is not often the case as there are usually more applicants than job openings. Finally, the base rate is defined by the percentage of employees thought to be performing their jobs satisfactorily following measurement. After using these tools a person is selected for the job. Orientation Orientation tactics exist to provide new employees enough information to adjust, resulting in satisfaction and effectiveness in their role. Employee orientation, also commonly referred to as onboarding or organizational socialization, is the process by which an employee acquires the necessary skills, knowledge, behaviors, and contacts to effectively transition into a new organization (or role within the organization). Orientation is a reasonably broad process, generally carried out by the human resource department, that may incorporate lectures, videos, meetings, computer-based programs, team-building exercises, and mentoring. The underlying goal of incorporating these varying onboarding tactics is to provide the employee enough information to adjust, ultimately resulting in satisfaction and effectiveness as a new employee. Organization Socialization Model A good way in which to envision this process is through understanding the organization socialization model (see Figure 1). This chart highlights the process of moving the employee through the adjustment stage to the desired outcome: New Employee Characteristics – Though this segment of the model overlaps with other human resource initiatives (such as recruitment and talent management), the characteristics of an employee are central to the strategies best employed as they move through the orientation process. Characteristics that are particularly useful in this process are extroversion, curiosity, experience, pro-activeness, and openness. New Employee Tactics – The goal for the employee is to acquire knowledge and build relationships. These relationships in particular are central to understanding company culture alongside acquiring resources to help expedite the on boarding process. Organizational Tactics- The organization should similarly seek to emphasize relationship building and the communication of knowledge, particularly organizational knowledge that will be useful for the employee when navigating the company. The company should also employee many of the resources mentioned above (videos, lectures, team-building exercises) to complement the process. Adjustment – Through combining the above three inputs, the employee should move through the adjustment phase as they acclimate to the new professional environment. This should focus primarily on knowledge of the company culture and co-workers, along with increased clarity as to how they fit within the organizational framework (i.e. their role). Outcomes – The goal of effectively orienting the employee for success is twofold: minimize turnover while maximizing satisfaction. The cost of bring new employees into the mix is substantial, as a result high turnover rates are a significant threat to most companies. Ensuring that the onboarding process is effective significantly reduces this risk. Additionally, achieving high levels of employee satisfaction is an enormous competitive advantage, as satisfied employees are motivated and efficient. Criticisms The desired outcome from an onboarding process is fairly straightforward, ensuring the new employee(s) is well-equipped to succeed in their new professional environment. However, some critics of orientation processes stipulate that sometimes the extensive onboarding process can confuse the employees relative to their role, as most of their time is spent in company-wide learning as opposed to role-centric learning. While this criticism may be true in some contexts, it can be offset through a more role-specific on boarding process. It is generally acknowledged that orientation strategies generate positive outcomes and returns on investment. Development A core function of HR management is development, which entails training efforts designed to improve personal, group, or organizational effectiveness. Employee development helps organizations succeed. Human resource development consists of training, organization, and career development efforts to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. Training Training is one of the most important ways to develop employees. Training is organizational activity intended to improve the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. Training and development has three important steps: training, education, and development. · Training: This activity focuses on an individual’s current job and is evaluated based on that current job. · Education: This activity focuses on jobs an individual might hold in the future and is measured based on those potential jobs. · Development: This activity focuses on potential future activities of the organization and is therefore extremely challenging to evaluate. Training and Development There are several categories of stakeholders that are helpful in understanding training and development. The sponsors of training and development are senior managers. The clients of training and development are business planners. Line managers are responsible for the coaching, resources, and performance. The participants are the people who actually go through the training and development process. The facilitators are Human Resource Management staff. The providers are specialists in the field. Each of these stakeholder groups has their own agenda and motivations, which can cause conflict with the agendas and motivations of other stakeholder groups. Talent development refers to an organization’s ability to align strategic training and career opportunities for employees. Talent development, part of human resource development, is the process of changing an organization, its employees, its stakeholders, and groups of people within it, using planned and unplanned learning, in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage for the organization. Performance Evaluation Performance evaluation is the process of assessing an employee’s job performance and productivity, usually for a specified period of time.Performance evaluation or performance appraisal is the process of assessing an employee’s job performance and productivity. The assessment is conducted based on some pre-established criteria that align with the goals of the organization. Some other aspects are also considered to assess the performance of the employee, for example, organizational citizenship behavior, accomplishments, potential for future improvement, strengths and weaknesses, etc. The management of performance plays a vital role to the success or failure of the organization. An ineffective performance evaluation system creates high turnover and reduces employee productivity. This is why performance evaluation is very important for every organization. Methods of Performance Evaluation Objective production: Under this method, direct data is used to evaluate the performance of an employee, such as sales figures, production numbers, the electronic performance monitoring of data entry workers, etc. However, one drawback of this process is that the variability in performance can be due to factors outside the employees’ control. Also, the quantity of production does not necessarily indicate the quality of the products. Still, this data reflects performance to some extent. Personnel: This is the method of recording the withdrawal behavior of employees, such as being absent, being in an accident at work, etc. This personnel data usually is not a comprehensive reflection of an employee’s performance. Judgmental evaluation: This is a collection of methods to evaluate an employee. Some of the methods are described below-  · Graphic Rating Scale: graphic rating scales are the most commonly used performance evaluation system. Typically, the raters use a 5 to 7 point scale to rate employees’ productivity. Employee-Comparison Methods: rather than subordinates being judged against pre-established criteria, they are compared with one another. This method eliminates central tendency and leniency errors but still allows for halo effect errors to occur. · Behavioral Checklists and Scales: behaviors are more definite than traits. Supervisors record behaviors of what they judge to be job performance relevant, and they keep a running tally of good and bad behaviors and evaluate the performance of employees based on their judgement. Peer and Self Assessments:Peer Assessments: members of a group evaluate and appraise the performance of their fellow group members. Self-Assessments: for self-assessments, individuals assess and evaluate their own behavior and job performance. 360-Degree Feedback: 360-degree feedback is multiple evaluations of employees which often include assessments from superior(s), peers, and themselves. Career Path Management Career path management requires HRM to plan and then actively manage employee skills in the pursuit of successful professional careers. Career path management Career path management refers to the structured planning and the active management choice of a employee’s professional career. The results of successful career planning are personal fulfillment, a work and life balance, goal achievement, and financial security. A career refers to the changes or modifications in employment through advancement during the foreseeable future. There are many definitions by management scholars of the stages in the managerial process. The following classification system with minor variations is widely used: †¢ Development of overall goals and objectives. †¢ Development of a strategy. †¢ Development of the specific means (policies, rules, procedures, and activities) to implement the strategy. †¢ Systematic evaluation of the progress toward achievement of the selected goals and objectives to modify the strategy, if necessary. Human Resource Development Human Resource Development (HRD) is the central framework for the way in which a company leverages an effective human resources department to empower employees with the skills for current and future success. The responsibility of the human resources department in regards to employee development primarily pertains to varying forms of training, educational initiatives, performance evaluation, and management development. Through employing these practices, human resource managers can significantly improve the potential of each employee, opening new career path venues by expanding upon an employee’s skill set. This is achieved through two specific human resource objectives: training and development (TD) and organizational development (OD). Training and development, as stated above, is primarily individualistic in nature and focused on ensuring employees develop throughout their careers to capture more opportunity. Organizational development must be balanced during this process, ensuring that the company itself is leveraging these evolving human resources to maximum efficiency. Depending too heavily upon TD may result in an organization incapable of capitilizing on employee skills while focusing too much on OD will generate a company culture adverse to professional development. Therefore human resource departments are central to empowering employee’s down successful career paths. Some Dimensions of Career Management The first step of career management is setting goals. Before doing so the person must be aware of career opportunities and should also know his or her own talents and abilities. The time horizon for the achievement of the selected goals or objectives–short-term, intermediate, or long-term–will have a major influence on their formulation. Short-term goals (one or two years) are usually specific and limited in scope. Short-term goals are easier to formulate. They must be achievable and relate to long-term career goals. Intermediate goals (3 to 20 years) tend to be less specific and more open ended than short-term goals. Both intermediate and long-term goals are more difficult to formulate than short-term goals because there are so many unknowns about the future. Long-term goals (over 20 years) are the most fluid of all. Lack of life experience and knowledge about potential opportunities and pitfalls make the formulation of long-term goals and objectives very difficult. Lo ng-term goals and objectives, however, may be easily modified as additional information is received without a great loss of career efforts because of experience and knowledge transfer from one career to another. Others Focuses of Career Management Making career choices and decisions is the traditional focus of careers interventions. The changed nature of work means that individuals may now have to revisit this process more frequently now and in the future, more than in the past. Managing the organizational career concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace, such as decision-making, life-stage transitions, and dealing with stress. Managing â€Å"boundless† careers refers to skills needed by workers whose employment is beyond the boundaries of a single organization, a work style common among, for example, artists and designers. As employers take less responsibility, employees need to take control of their own development to maintain and enhance their employability. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Human Resource Management involves the recruitment and management of the people who work in an organization. The focus of Human Resource Management is to attract, select, train, motivate and compensate employees, while making sure that they comply with employment and labor laws. A team of professionals cannot be built by an organization without good Human Resource Management. As a result, businesses with good Human Resource Management (HRM) have higher profits than businesses without or with poor HRM. Effective hiring and training practices, creating employees who are motivated and rewarded for their hard work, and maintaining a good relationship between employees and the company are all results of good Human Resource Management. Even for small businesses, managing the human resource aspect of the business is very important, and can only be done through good Human Resource management REFERENCE REFERENCE †¢ Devanna, M., Fombrun, C. & Tichy, N . 1984. A Framework For Strategic Human †¢ Resource Management In Strategic Human Resource Management, New †¢ York: John Wiley and Sons. †¢ Brewster, C. & Larsen, H. H. 1992. Human Resource Management in Europe: Evidence †¢ From Ten Countries. International Journal of Human Resource Management †¢ 3 (3): 409434. †¢ http://www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi †¢ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/humanresources.asp †¢ http://www.nestle.com.my/AboutUs/Nestle_in_Malaysia/Pages/index.aspx